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Madurese | Nepalbhasa Newari | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman |
Speakers | Approximately 13.5 million | Approximately 800,000–1,000,000 |
Features | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. | Rich literary tradition, distinct tonal patterns, and complex verbal morphology; features classifiers and honorific forms |
Countries | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) | Nepal (primarily in the Kathmandu Valley), with smaller communities in India, Bhutan, and Tibet |
Writing System | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) | Ranjana script (historically), Prachalit script, and Devanagari (modern use) |
Tonal | No | Partially tonal |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships | Yes, uses nominative, genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative cases |
Derived From | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | Old Newari (Classical Nepalbhasa) |
Loanwords | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch | From Sanskrit, Pali, Nepali, and Tibetan |
Dialects | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences | Includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur (Patan), Bhaktapur, and Dolakha dialects, among others, with Kathmandu Newari considered the standard dialect |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z | अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह (Devanagari script) |
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