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Madurese | Ndau | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Niger-Congo, Bantu |
Speakers | Approximately 13.5 million | Approximately 2.4 million |
Features | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. | A tonal Bantu language with noun class systems, complex verb morphology, and unique phonological features |
Countries | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) | Mozambique (primarily in the central region, especially Manica and Sofala provinces) and Zimbabwe (southeastern regions) |
Writing System | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) | Latin script |
Tonal | No | Yes, tones distinguish meaning in words |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships | No, uses noun class prefixes and word order |
Derived From | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | Proto-Bantu |
Loanwords | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch | From Portuguese, Shona, and English |
Dialects | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences | Includes regional variations influenced by neighboring Shona and other local languages |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z | A, B, BH, C, CH, D, DH, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, NH, O, P, Q, R, S, SH, T, TH, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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