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Madurese | Malay | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Austronesian |
Speakers | Approximately 13.5 million | Approximately 88 million speakers (including Indonesian and other Malay dialects) |
Features | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. | Widely spoken in Southeast Asia, Malay is known for its simplicity in grammar, especially in terms of verb conjugation and lack of inflection |
Countries | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) | Malaysia, Indonesia (as Indonesian), Brunei, Singapore, Thailand (southern provinces) |
Writing System | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) | Latin script (Rumi) and Arabic script (Jawi) |
Tonal | No | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships | No, uses prepositions and word order instead of grammatical cases |
Derived From | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | Old Malay, influenced by Sanskrit, Arabic, and later Portuguese, Dutch, and English |
Loanwords | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch | From Sanskrit, Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and Chinese |
Dialects | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences | Includes Malaysian Malay, Indonesian Malay (Indonesian), Brunei Malay, Kedah Malay, Kelantanese Malay, and others |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z |
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