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| Madurese | Abkhaz | |
|---|---|---|
| Family | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Northwest Caucasian |
| Speakers | Approximately 13.5 million | Approximately 190,000 |
| Features | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. | Known for its rich consonant inventory and the use of both ejective and voiced pharyngeal consonants |
| Countries | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) | Abkhazia, a region in northwestern Georgia, and a small number of speakers in Turkey |
| Writing System | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) | Cyrillic script primarily, formerly used Georgian and Latin scripts |
| Tonal | No | No |
| Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships | Yes, rich in cases with more than 50 different forms |
| Derived From | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian | Part of the Northwest Caucasian language family |
| Loanwords | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch | From Russian, Georgian, and Turkish |
| Dialects | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences | Includes Abzhui, Bzyb, and Sadz |
| Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z | А, Б, В, Г, Ҕ, Д, Е, Ж, Ӡ, З, И, Й, К, Ҟ, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, Ҳ, Ц, Ҵ, Ч, Ҷ, Ш, Щ, Ы, Э, Ю, Я |
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