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Latgalian | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Baltic | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 165,000 | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | A Baltic language variety closely related to Latvian but with distinct phonological, grammatical, and lexical features; recognized as a historical language in Latvia. | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | Latvia (primarily in the Latgale region), with smaller communities in Lithuania and emigrant populations worldwide | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Latin script | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | No, but retains pitch accents from Proto-Baltic | No |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, retains the full Indo-European system of 7 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Proto-Baltic | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Russian, Polish, and Latvian | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes High Latgalian and Low Latgalian, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | A, Ā, B, C, Č, D, E, Ē, F, G, Ģ, H, I, Ī, J, K, Ķ, L, Ļ, M, N, Ņ, O, P, R, S, Š, T, U, Ū, V, Z, Ž | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
Yes, this text translation from Latgalian to Madurese is completely free
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Yes, you can simply click on:Madurese to Latgalian Translation