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Kituba | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Niger-Congo, Bantu (Creole) | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 13 million (as a lingua franca and second language) | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | A simplified creole based on Kikongo, used as a lingua franca in Central Africa; features reduced noun class systems and simplified grammar for ease of communication. | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | Democratic Republic of the Congo (official in some regions), Republic of the Congo, Angola | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Latin script | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | No, tones are not as prominent compared to Kikongo | No |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses simplified grammar and word order | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Kikongo, with influences from other Bantu languages | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From French, Portuguese, and neighboring Bantu languages | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes regional variations influenced by local languages and French; standard forms exist for the DRC and Republic of the Congo | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
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This website supports over 240 languages for translation, offering a wide range of linguistic capabilities to meet the needs of a diverse global audience.
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