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Jawi | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Arabic script derivative | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Used by speakers of Malay and related Austronesian languages | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | An Arabic script adapted for writing the Malay language and several other languages in Southeast Asia, incorporates additional letters to accommodate phonemes not present in Arabic | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, and southern Thailand | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Extended Arabic script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, Malay as written in Jawi follows the grammatical structure of standard Malay | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Arabic script, with modifications to represent the sounds of Malay | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Sanskrit, Portuguese, Dutch, and English | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Used across various dialects of Malay and related languages, with local variations in usage and additional letters for regional sounds | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | ا (‘alif), ب (ba), ت (ta), ث (tha), ج (jim), ح (ha), خ (kha), د (dal), ذ (dhal), ر (ra), ز (zai), س (sin), ش (shin), ص (sad), ض (dad), ط (ta), ظ (dha), ع (‘ain), غ (ghain), ف (fa), ق (qaf), ك (kaf), ل (lam), م (mim), ن (nun), و (wau), ه (ha), ي (ya) | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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