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Jawi | Nepalbhasa Newari | |
---|---|---|
Family | Arabic script derivative | Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman |
Speakers | Used by speakers of Malay and related Austronesian languages | Approximately 800,000–1,000,000 |
Features | An Arabic script adapted for writing the Malay language and several other languages in Southeast Asia, incorporates additional letters to accommodate phonemes not present in Arabic | Rich literary tradition, distinct tonal patterns, and complex verbal morphology; features classifiers and honorific forms |
Countries | Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, and southern Thailand | Nepal (primarily in the Kathmandu Valley), with smaller communities in India, Bhutan, and Tibet |
Writing System | Extended Arabic script | Ranjana script (historically), Prachalit script, and Devanagari (modern use) |
Tonal | No | Partially tonal |
Grammatical Cases | No, Malay as written in Jawi follows the grammatical structure of standard Malay | Yes, uses nominative, genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative cases |
Derived From | Arabic script, with modifications to represent the sounds of Malay | Old Newari (Classical Nepalbhasa) |
Loanwords | From Arabic, Sanskrit, Portuguese, Dutch, and English | From Sanskrit, Pali, Nepali, and Tibetan |
Dialects | Used across various dialects of Malay and related languages, with local variations in usage and additional letters for regional sounds | Includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur (Patan), Bhaktapur, and Dolakha dialects, among others, with Kathmandu Newari considered the standard dialect |
Alphabets | ا (‘alif), ب (ba), ت (ta), ث (tha), ج (jim), ح (ha), خ (kha), د (dal), ذ (dhal), ر (ra), ز (zai), س (sin), ش (shin), ص (sad), ض (dad), ط (ta), ظ (dha), ع (‘ain), غ (ghain), ف (fa), ق (qaf), ك (kaf), ل (lam), م (mim), ن (nun), و (wau), ه (ha), ي (ya) | अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह (Devanagari script) |
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