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Japanese | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Japonic | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 128 million | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | Characterized by a complex honorific system reflecting social hierarchy | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | Primarily Japan | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Combination of three scripts: Kanji (Chinese characters), Hiragana, and Katakana | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | No, but pitch accent is present | No |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, marked by particles rather than inflections | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Old Japanese, with influences from Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, and English | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | Significant number from Chinese, with recent borrowings from English and other European languages | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes Tokyo Japanese, Kansai Japanese, Hakata Japanese, and many others | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | Hiragana: あ (a), い (i), う (u), え (e), お (o), か (ka), き (ki), く (ku), け (ke), こ (ko), さ (sa), し (shi), す (su), せ (se), そ (so), た (ta), ち (chi), つ (tsu), て (te), と (to), な (na), に (ni), ぬ (nu), ね (ne), の (no), は (ha), ひ (hi), ふ (fu), へ (he), ほ (ho), ま (ma), み (mi), む (mu), め (me), も (mo), や (ya), ゆ (yu), よ (yo), ら (ra), り (ri), る (ru), れ (re), ろ (ro), わ (wa), を (wo), ん (n) Katakana:ア (a), イ (i), ウ (u), エ (e), オ (o), カ (ka), キ (ki), ク (ku), ケ (ke), コ (ko), サ (sa), シ (shi), ス (su), セ (se), ソ (so), タ (ta), チ (chi), ツ (tsu), テ (te), ト (to), ナ (na), ニ (ni), ヌ (nu), ネ (ne), ノ (no), ハ (ha), ヒ (hi), フ (fu), ヘ (he), ホ (ho), マ (ma), ミ (mi), ム (mu), メ (me), モ (mo), ヤ (ya), ユ (yu), ヨ (yo), ラ (ra), リ (ri), ル (ru), レ (re), ロ (ro), ワ (wa), ヲ (wo), ン (n) | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
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