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Japanese | Latgalian | |
---|---|---|
Family | Japonic | Indo-European, Baltic |
Speakers | Approximately 128 million | Approximately 165,000 |
Features | Characterized by a complex honorific system reflecting social hierarchy | A Baltic language variety closely related to Latvian but with distinct phonological, grammatical, and lexical features; recognized as a historical language in Latvia. |
Countries | Primarily Japan | Latvia (primarily in the Latgale region), with smaller communities in Lithuania and emigrant populations worldwide |
Writing System | Combination of three scripts: Kanji (Chinese characters), Hiragana, and Katakana | Latin script |
Tonal | No, but pitch accent is present | No, but retains pitch accents from Proto-Baltic |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, marked by particles rather than inflections | Yes, retains the full Indo-European system of 7 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative |
Derived From | Old Japanese, with influences from Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, and English | Proto-Baltic |
Loanwords | Significant number from Chinese, with recent borrowings from English and other European languages | From Russian, Polish, and Latvian |
Dialects | Includes Tokyo Japanese, Kansai Japanese, Hakata Japanese, and many others | Includes High Latgalian and Low Latgalian, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary |
Alphabets | Hiragana: あ (a), い (i), う (u), え (e), お (o), か (ka), き (ki), く (ku), け (ke), こ (ko), さ (sa), し (shi), す (su), せ (se), そ (so), た (ta), ち (chi), つ (tsu), て (te), と (to), な (na), に (ni), ぬ (nu), ね (ne), の (no), は (ha), ひ (hi), ふ (fu), へ (he), ほ (ho), ま (ma), み (mi), む (mu), め (me), も (mo), や (ya), ゆ (yu), よ (yo), ら (ra), り (ri), る (ru), れ (re), ろ (ro), わ (wa), を (wo), ん (n) Katakana:ア (a), イ (i), ウ (u), エ (e), オ (o), カ (ka), キ (ki), ク (ku), ケ (ke), コ (ko), サ (sa), シ (shi), ス (su), セ (se), ソ (so), タ (ta), チ (chi), ツ (tsu), テ (te), ト (to), ナ (na), ニ (ni), ヌ (nu), ネ (ne), ノ (no), ハ (ha), ヒ (hi), フ (fu), ヘ (he), ホ (ho), マ (ma), ミ (mi), ム (mu), メ (me), モ (mo), ヤ (ya), ユ (yu), ヨ (yo), ラ (ra), リ (ri), ル (ru), レ (re), ロ (ro), ワ (wa), ヲ (wo), ン (n) | A, Ā, B, C, Č, D, E, Ē, F, G, Ģ, H, I, Ī, J, K, Ķ, L, Ļ, M, N, Ņ, O, P, R, S, Š, T, U, Ū, V, Z, Ž |
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