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Iban | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Austronesian | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 2,450,000 Native Speakers | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Malayic Dayak language spoken primarily in Malaysia and western Indonesia, known for its relatively simple grammar and verb structures | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Malaysia (Sarawak), Indonesia (Kalimantan) | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | No | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses prepositions and word order to convey grammatical relationships | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Malayic languages, with influences from other Austronesian languages | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Malay, English, and other local languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes regional dialects spoken in different parts of Sarawak and Kalimantan, such as Ulu Iban and Balau Iban | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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