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Hindi | Bengali | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 600 million (native and second-language speakers) | Approximately 230 million native speakers, 37 million second-language speakers |
Features | An Indo-Aryan language widely spoken across northern India and recognized as an official language of India; known for its complex verbal conjugation system, postpositions, and gendered nouns | Known for its rich literary heritage, poetic structure, and phonetic spelling; the second most spoken language in India and the official language of Bangladesh |
Countries | India, with communities in Nepal, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and diaspora communities worldwide | Bangladesh (official), India (official in West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam), diaspora communities worldwide |
Writing System | Devanagari script | Bengali script (a Brahmic script) |
Tonal | No | No |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, Hindi has direct and oblique cases with postpositions used for additional cases | Yes, nominative, accusative, and genitive; uses postpositions |
Derived From | Sanskrit, through Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa | Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit |
Loanwords | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, English, and regional languages | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, and English |
Dialects | Includes Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, and several other regional variations; Modern Standard Hindi is based on the Khariboli dialect | Standard Bengali (Calcutta), Rangpuri, Sylheti, Chittagonian, and others, with significant phonological and lexical differences |
Alphabets | अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह | অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ, চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ, ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ, ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন, প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম, য, র, ল, শ, ষ, স, হ, ড়, ঢ়, য়, ক্ষ, জ্ঞ |
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