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Hakha Chin | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
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Family | Sino-Tibetan | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 450,000 | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Kuki-Chin language, known for its tonal nature and complex verb morphology, spoken mainly in the Chin State of Myanmar | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Myanmar (Chin State), India (Mizoram), with diasporic communities in the U.S. and other countries | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | Yes, it has multiple tones that distinguish meaning between words | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, but uses postpositions and particles to mark grammatical relations | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Part of the Kuki-Chin subgroup of the Tibeto-Burman languages | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Burmese and English, especially in technical and administrative terms | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes Hakha Lai, Falam, Hmar, and other Chin dialects | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, Ch, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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