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Dzongkha | Madurese | |
---|---|---|
Family | Sino-Tibetan | Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian |
Speakers | Approximately 640,000 | Approximately 13.5 million |
Features | The national language of Bhutan, used in official communication and education | A language with distinct phonetic features, such as a reduced vowel inventory and a preference for glottal stops; it exhibits a high degree of mutual unintelligibility with Javanese despite geographic proximity. |
Countries | Bhutan | Indonesia (primarily on Madura Island and in parts of East Java, including Surabaya and surrounding areas) |
Writing System | Tibetan script | Latin script (modern use), previously Javanese and Pegon scripts (Arabic-derived script) |
Tonal | Yes | No |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, uses a system of nominative-accusative and ergative markers | No, uses prepositions and affixes to mark relationships |
Derived From | Classical Tibetan, shares many linguistic features with other Tibetan dialects | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
Loanwords | From Sanskrit, Tibetan, and English | From Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, and Dutch |
Dialects | Includes Western Dzongkha, Eastern Dzongkha, Southern Dzongkha, and Central Dzongkha | Includes Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pamekasan dialects, with significant lexical and phonological differences |
Alphabets | ཀ, ཁ, ག, ང, ཅ, ཆ, ཇ, ཉ, ཏ, ཐ, ད, ན, པ, ཕ, བ, མ, ཙ, ཚ, ཛ, ཝ, ཞ, ཟ, འ, ཡ, ར, ལ, ཤ, ས, ཧ, ཨ | A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y, Z |
Yes, this text translation from Dzongkha to Madurese is completely free
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This website supports over 240 languages for translation, offering a wide range of linguistic capabilities to meet the needs of a diverse global audience.
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