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Dyula | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Niger-Congo, Mande | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 12 million (including second-language speakers) | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A Mande language used primarily as a trade and interethnic communication language; it is closely related to Bambara and Malinke, with simplified grammar for ease of communication. | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Ghana | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script (modern use), Arabic script (Ajami, traditional use) | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | Yes, tones are used to distinguish meaning | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, uses word order and particles to indicate relationships | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Mande | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Arabic, French, and neighboring languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Mutually intelligible with Bambara and Malinke, with some regional variations in vocabulary and pronunciation. | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y, Z | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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