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Dinka | Punjabi Shahmukhi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan |
Speakers | Approximately 4 million | Approximately 130 million (includes speakers of both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) |
Features | A tonal language with complex vowel systems and distinctive pitch variations; features extensive use of tones and vowel length to differentiate meaning. | Written in a modified Perso-Arabic script; primarily used by Punjabi speakers in Pakistan and some parts of India. Unlike Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi is written from right to left. |
Countries | South Sudan (primarily), with smaller communities in Sudan, Uganda, and diaspora populations worldwide | Pakistan (primary script for Punjabi), India (minority use), and Punjabi-speaking diaspora communities |
Writing System | Latin script | Shahmukhi script (Perso-Arabic script with additional characters) |
Tonal | Yes, tones are critical for distinguishing meanings | Yes, tonal distinctions are important for meaning |
Grammatical Cases | No, relies on word order and tone | No, relies on word order and postpositions |
Derived From | Proto-Eastern Sudanic | Perso-Arabic script, adapted for Punjabi phonology |
Loanwords | From Arabic and neighboring languages | From Arabic, Persian, and English |
Dialects | Includes several major dialects: Rek, Agaar, Bor, Twic, and Malual, with significant phonological and lexical variations. | Includes Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Pothohari, and others. Standard Shahmukhi is based on the Majhi dialect spoken around Lahore. |
Alphabets | A, Ä, B, C, D, DH, E, Ë, F, G, H, I, Ï, J, K, L, M, N, NG, NY, O, Ö, P, R, S, T, TH, U, W, Y | ا, ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ث, ج, چ, ح, خ, د, ڈ, ذ, ر, ڑ, ز, ژ, س, ش, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع, غ, ف, ق, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, ں, و, ہ, ء, ی, ے |
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