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Bengali | Jawi | |
---|---|---|
Family | Indo-European, Indo-Aryan | Arabic script derivative |
Speakers | Approximately 230 million native speakers, 37 million second-language speakers | Used by speakers of Malay and related Austronesian languages |
Features | Known for its rich literary heritage, poetic structure, and phonetic spelling; the second most spoken language in India and the official language of Bangladesh | An Arabic script adapted for writing the Malay language and several other languages in Southeast Asia, incorporates additional letters to accommodate phonemes not present in Arabic |
Countries | Bangladesh (official), India (official in West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam), diaspora communities worldwide | Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, and southern Thailand |
Writing System | Bengali script (a Brahmic script) | Extended Arabic script |
Tonal | No | No |
Grammatical Cases | Yes, nominative, accusative, and genitive; uses postpositions | No, Malay as written in Jawi follows the grammatical structure of standard Malay |
Derived From | Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit | Arabic script, with modifications to represent the sounds of Malay |
Loanwords | From Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, and English | From Arabic, Sanskrit, Portuguese, Dutch, and English |
Dialects | Standard Bengali (Calcutta), Rangpuri, Sylheti, Chittagonian, and others, with significant phonological and lexical differences | Used across various dialects of Malay and related languages, with local variations in usage and additional letters for regional sounds |
Alphabets | অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ, ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ, চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ, ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ, ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন, প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম, য, র, ল, শ, ষ, স, হ, ড়, ঢ়, য়, ক্ষ, জ্ঞ | ا (‘alif), ب (ba), ت (ta), ث (tha), ج (jim), ح (ha), خ (kha), د (dal), ذ (dhal), ر (ra), ز (zai), س (sin), ش (shin), ص (sad), ض (dad), ط (ta), ظ (dha), ع (‘ain), غ (ghain), ف (fa), ق (qaf), ك (kaf), ل (lam), م (mim), ن (nun), و (wau), ه (ha), ي (ya) |
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